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Lighting
Artificial Lighting
Artificial Lighting
Artificial sunlight is the use of a light source to simulate sunlight where the unique benefits of sunlight are needed, but where sufficient natural sunlight is not available or is not feasible. The concept has various applications including greenhouse lighting, tanning of skin, light therapy, and even in refrigerators to preserve the freshness of vegetables. A light source used to simulate the sunlight would be known as a solar simulator.
Solar irradiance spectrum above atmosphere and at surface
The spectrum of electromagnetic radiation striking the earth’s atmosphere is 100 to 106 nanometer (nm). This can be divided into five regions in increasing order of wavelengths:
Ultraviolet C or (UVC) range
Ultraviolet B or (UVB) range
Ultraviolet A or (UVA) range
Visible range or light
Infrared range, further divided into three types on the basis of wavelength:
Infrared-A
Infrared-B
Infrared-C
Light Sources
Incandescent bulbs contain a metallic filament usually made up of tungsten that heats up when electricity passes through it, and emits light when a sufficiently high temperature is reached. These bulbs tend to heat up the surroundings.
Fluorescent lamps are tubes filled with low-density mercury, argon, or krypton. These lamps basically emit ultraviolet light, which is converted to visible light when these rays strike coated phosphor, a material that shows a sustained delayed glow after being excited by high-energy particles like electrons or photons or "packets" of light (ultraviolet radiation in this case). The ultraviolet light is produced when the high-energy (fast) electrons that are produced in the tube hit the electrons of the gas and "excite" them to a higher energy level. This electrons immediately come back to their ground state (the original lowest energy level at which an electron can stay). This process is known as fluorescence. These sources have greater energy efficiency, and are mainly available in two types—warm white bulbs, which emit light more in the red range (longer wavelength), and cold white bulbs, which emit more blue light.
High-intensity discharge lamps (HID) contain tungsten electrodes and emit light by producing an electric arc through a housed mixuture of gas and metal salts. The gas facilitates the arc's initial strike. Once the arc is started, it heats and evaporates the metal salts forming a plasma, which greatly increases the intensity of light produced by the arc and reduces its power consumption.
LED bulbs use multiple light emitting diodes to create a large amount of light.
Applications
Artificial sunlight lamps are used to provide additional light for plants.
Horticulture
Horticulture is the art and science of the cultivation of plants. Plants require sunlight for performing photosynthesis, which results in production of glucose and other complex carbohydrates. These nutrients, when stored, provide bulk to fruits and vegetables.
Since the right amount of light energy promotes photosynthesis and adds to the bulk of the produce, artificial lighting is often used in horticulture.
Tanning
Tanning beds emit ultraviolet radiation using several fluorescent lamps that have phosphor blends designed to emit UV radiation in a spectrum that is somewhat similar to that of the sun. The lamps create an artificial environment that will give the user a suntan.
Illumination
It has been claimed that artificial light sources that provide the light of the closest possible spectrum as provided by the sun have beneficial effects on health and productivity. This technology is known as full-spectrum lighting.
Light Therapy
Artificial sunlight is found useful in treating and preventing seasonal affective disorder (also known as winter depression, which brings about depressive symptoms specifically in winter) and delayed sleep phase syndrome, in which the circadian (day and night) rhythm is disturbed and the individual tends to fall asleep at the same time much after midnight.
Artificial sunlight may also be useful in preventing or minimizing the severity of jet lag. Although UV light is used in the treatment of psoriasis and eczema (as PUVA therapy), and in treatment of acne (in which case it is accompanied by application of red light), it is not the entire spectrum of visible light that is employed.
Refrigerators
It has been claimed that providing light of a certain spectrum that would promote photosynthesis in stored vegetables and fruits helps in preserving their freshness and nutritive value. On this basis Daewoo Electronics had the technology patented. This technology has been utilized in refrigerators manufactured by Samsung Electronics and LG Electronics.
Photobiology
Photobiology is the biological study of the interactions of light with living organisms. This also includes testing the efficacy of sunscreens. It requires the use of solar simulators.
Testing of Solar Cells
A solar cell is a device that converts the incident light ray into electrical energy. Usually, as the name suggests, it uses the sun as the light source. For the overall efficiency of these cells to be maintained, they must be tested indoors, and this testing has traditionally been performed using the xenon arc lamp.
Aquarium Lighting
Different corals in a reef aquarium require different lighting conditions. Most of the corals are symbiotically dependent upon zooxanthellae—a type of algae. It is the latter that require light to perform photosynthesis and provide the former with simple carbohydrates. In addition to the above techniques of lighting, a new technique employs light emitting diodes (LEDs). The advantage of this technology is that the various parameters of lighting, such as warmth and coolness of color, are controlled by microprocessors, making it possible to simulate daybreak, sunset, and even the various phases of moon. However, this technology is relatively expensive.
